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Functionally graded materials with spatially varying properties have gained widespread use in various engineering disciplines due to their exceptional mechanical characteristics. Nevertheless, these materials can lead to non-symmetric properties of cross-sections and an offset between centroid and shear center of functionally graded (FG) members, thereby significantly affecting the mechanical behavior. This phenomenon, known as twisting effects, poses a substantial challenge for the geometrically nonlinear analysis of FG members, as existing methods rely on traditional beam-column elements that assume the centroid and shear center of sections coincide. Thus, this paper proposes a new framework for geometrically nonlinear analysis of FG members, incorporating twisting effects through a novel Timoshenko beam-column element. An efficient finite-element-based approach that employs the …