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Virus-infected mammalian cells are a battleground: cells mount antiviral defenses against the virus, and these defenses are countered by the infecting virus. The eventual outcome of this war is a major determinant of the pathogenesis of the virus infection. In this minireview we will discuss the intracellular warfare between human influenza viruses and human cells. Influenza A and B viruses, two of the four influenza virus genera, cause widespread epidemics in humans (Lamb and Krug, 2001; Wright and Webster, 2001). Influenza A viruses, which have been isolated from a wide variety of avian and mammalian species, are responsible for the human pandemics that have caused high mortality rates, and the highly pathogenic virus that was transmitted from chickens to humans in Hong Kong in 1997 is an influenza A virus (Wright and Webster, 2001). Influenza B virus appears to infect only humans (Wright and Webster …