查看文章

Superconducting Josephson junctions have long been considered as possible nonlinear elements for mixers and amplifiers in millimeter and submillimeter wave region. 1-6 Properties of SIS mixers, 1, 2 Josephson mixers, 3, 4 and Josephson parametric amplifierss, 6 have been investigated both experimentally and theoretically by many workers, where conventional microwave-radiation devices have been used for their local oscillators in the experiment. In addition to these studies, it has been recently proposed7, 8 to use the Josephson junction as local oscillators in this wavelength range, and to realize integrated, low-noise, superconducting microwave systems, Numerous studies9-17 have been made of the properties of radiation emission from tunnel junctions, as well as other types of junctions. The electromagnetic wave generated by tunnel junctions was first observed by Giaever9 with a quasiparticle …