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To develop a four‐dimensional MRI (4D‐MRI) technique to characterize the average respiratory tumor motion for abdominal radiotherapy planning.

A continuous spoiled gradient echo sequence was implemented with 3D radial trajectory and 1D self‐gating for respiratory motion detection. Data were retrospectively sorted into different respiratory phases based on their temporal locations within a respiratory cycle, and each phase was reconstructed by means of a self‐calibrating CG‐SENSE program. Motion phantom, healthy volunteer and patient studies were performed to validate the respiratory motion detected by the proposed method against that from a 2D real‐time protocol.

The proposed method successfully visualized the respiratory motion in phantom and human subjects. The 4D‐MRI and real‐time 2D‐MRI yielded comparable superior–inferior (SI) motion amplitudes (intraclass …