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Life history theory argues that exposure to early life adversity (ELA) accelerates development, although existing evidence for this varies. We present a meta-analysis and systematic review testing the hypothesis that ELA involving threat (eg, violence exposure) will be associated with accelerated biological aging across multiple metrics, whereas exposure to deprivation (eg, neglect, institutional rearing) and low-socioeconomic status (SES) will not. We meta-analyze 54 studies (n= 116,010) examining associations of ELA with pubertal timing and cellular aging (telomere length and DNA methylation age), systematically review 25 studies (n= 3,253) examining ELA and neural markers of accelerated development (cortical thickness and amygdala-prefrontal cortex functional connectivity) and evaluate whether associations of ELA with biological aging vary according to the nature of adversity experienced. ELA overall was …