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Objectives The objective is to accurately verify the energy benefits and emissions impacts of these advanced technologies with actual powertrain hardware physically installed in the laboratory and subjected to virtual traffic conditions for research. This approach presents the opportunity to research, develop, and evaluate a large matrix of CAV technologies over a greater, customizable design space at a time when vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicleto-infrastructure (V2I) hardware has not even been completely developed or is not available for full-scale testing.