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Objective.

To identify cervical stenosis and review medical, surgical, and radiological modalities to access the uterine cavity.

Materials and Methods.

Computerized searches of Medline and PubMed from 1996 to 2005 were conducted using the key words" cervix,"" cervical ripening," and" cervical stenosis." References from identified publications were manually searched and cross-referenced to identify additional relevant articles. We review relevant techniques on how to access the uterine cavity when cervical stenosis is encountered.

Results.

Many gynecologic procedures require uncomplicated access through the cervix to access the uterine cavity, including hysteroscopy, dilation and curettage, sonohysterogram, hysterosalpingogram, endometrial biopsy, and embryo transfer for in vitro fertilization. These procedures can be quite complicated when a cervix is obstructed. Management techniques described include the …