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Introduction: How the capabilities and limitations of automated driving systems (ADS) are communicated to users before their initial use by developers and during their operation by their human machine interface (HMI) impact safety. Overconfidence in and overreliance on partially automated advanced driver assistance systems (SAE L2 ADAS) has contributed to crashes in which drivers over-trusted currently available ADAS. This could worsen with conditional ADS (SAE L3) that might require prompt driver intervention when operational thresholds are reached.

Method: Participants in this driving simulator study were provided introductory information via video that communicated the driver’s role at different levels of automation, the capabilities, and limitations of the simulated L3 ADS, and its HMI. This ended with either an explicit reminder of the driver’s responsibilities when using the ADS (L3 reminder condition) or highlighted benefits that might arrive with higher levels of driving automation (L4+ capabilities condition).

Results: Participants often resumed vehicle control when the ADS first communicated uncertainty, and few differences in take-over performance or monitoring behavior between conditions were observed. Over the course of the experiment, significant differences were found in subjective ratings of familiarity, with the L4+ capabilities condition reporting greater levels of familiarity (though still low) than their L3 reminder condition counterparts. Participants’ take-over performance improved in both conditions, emphasizing the beneficial effects of graded warnings and practice resuming vehicle control.

Conclusions: Despite reiterating the …