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Three-dimensional (3D) city models based on the OGC CityGML standard have become increasingly available in the past few years. Although GIS applications call for standardized and geometric-topological rigorous 3D models, many existing visually convincing 3D city datasets show weak or invalid geometry. These defects prohibit the downstream applications of such models. As a result, intensive manual work of model repair has to be conducted which is complex and labour-intensive. Although model repair is already a popular research topic for CAD models and is becoming important in GIS, existing research either focuses on certain defects or on a particular geometric primitive. Therefore a framework that explores the full set of validation requirements and provides ways to repair a CityGML model according to these requirements is needed and proposed in this paper. First, the validity criterion of …