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The Internet lacks verification of source authenticity and path compliance between the planned packet delivery paths and the real delivery paths, which allows attackers to construct attacks like source spoofing and traffic hijacking attacks. Thus, it is essential to enable source and path verification in networks to detect forwarding anomalies and ensure correct packet delivery. However, most of the existing security mechanisms can only capture anomalies but are unable to locate the detected anomalies. Besides, they incur significant computation and communication overhead, which exacerbates the packet delivery performance. In this paper, we propose a high-efficient packet forwarding verification mechanism called PPV for networks, which verifies packet source and their forwarding paths in real time. PPV enables probabilistic packet marking in routers instead of verifying all packets. Thus, it can efficiently identify …