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Combinations of antibiotics occur in terrestrial environments due to excessive prescription, consumption, and disposal and have adverse effects, including crop toxicity. We examined short-term (20-d) toxicity of the fluoroquinolone antibiotics ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, levofloxacin, and their mixture in a germination and a greenhouse sand culture study with wheat. We tested the hypothesis that oxidative stress plays a role in toxicity by examining stress products and antioxidants involved in detoxifying reactive oxygen species (ROS) during stress. Germination was unaffected by any antibiotic concentration or mixture used. The highest antibiotic concentrations, 100 and 300 mg L⁻¹, significantly decreased wheat growth. In 20 days exposure the maximum malondialdehyde production (2.45 μmol g⁻¹ fresh weight), total phenols (16.40 mg g⁻¹ of extract), and total antioxidant capacity (17.74 mg of Vitamin C g⁻¹ of …