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This study aimed to evaluate new d‐xylose‐fermenting yeasts from Brazilian ecosystems for the production of second‐generation ethanol.

d‐xylose‐fermenting yeasts isolated from rotting wood and wood‐boring insects were identified as the species Scheffersomyces parashehatae, Scheffersomyces illinoinensis, Spathaspora arborariae and Wickerhamomyces rabaulensis. Among the yeasts tested, those of Sc. parashehatae exhibited the highest ethanol production when cultivated on complex medium (Y_p/s^et = 0·437 g g⁻¹). Sheffersomyces illinoinensis and Sp. arborariae showed similar ethanol production in this assay (Y_p/s^et up to 0·295 g g⁻¹). In contrast, in sugarcane bagasse hemicellulosic hydrolysate, Sc. parashehatae and Sc. illinoinensis exhibited similar ethanol production (Y_p/s^et up to 0·254 g g⁻¹), whereas Sp. arborariae showed …