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Cloud computing is an attractive computing model since it allows for the provision of resources on-demand. Such a process of allocation and reallocation of resources is the key to accommodating unpredictable demands and improving the return on investment from the infrastructure supporting the Cloud. However, despite the recent growth of the Cloud Computing market, several problems with the process of resource allocation remain unaddressed. This short course introduces essential concepts and technologies regarding Cloud Computing and presents some research questions on the topic, focusing on the challenges and the state-of-the-art solutions in resource allocation.