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Exosomes are small nanosized biovesicles that form when multivesicular bodies and the plasma membrane fuse and are released into the surrounding body fluids. They are best known for their multifunction in mediating intercellular communication by transferring various biomolecules, including DNA, RNAs, proteins, and lipids, in a short- and long-distance manner and have been identified as health and disease messengers. Importantly, exosomes are necessary for various physiological processes in health and disease. The generation of exosomes depends on the status of the disease, which usually exhibits opposite roles by inducing enhanced cellular stress and damage. Recently, exosome-based nanotechnologies have provided unprecedented opportunities to boost the developments of exosome-related biology, chemistry, pathology, and therapeutics in different diseases based on their unique structural …