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In this chapter we operationalize familial risk for depression as having at least one parent with a clinical diagnosis of depression during the child's lifetime. We briefly review the impact of parental depression on the functioning of young children and adolescents and then discuss psychobiological mechanisms that may underlie risk for depression in these offspring. Given estimates that the heritability of depression is 37%, it is likely that the transmission of risk for MDD involves more than a genetic predisposition to developing depression. In this context, therefore, we discuss both biological factors that may increase susceptibility to depression (including dysfunctional regulatory mechanisms that influence emotion regulation and stress reactivity) and psychological and social factors that may contribute to the familial transmission of risk for depression (including stressful family environments and cognitive vulnerabilities …