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The first breaths after birth are characterized by a rapid transition from liquid-to air-filled lungs. Air is drawn into the lung during inspiration, and some remains at end expiration to establish an end-expiratory gas volume or functional residual capacity (FRC). This is usually marked by a cry, often misinterpreted as a protest from the baby. Some infants, especially those born preterm, require respiratory support during this transitional phase. To do this effectively, we need to understand the normal physiological processes occurring at this time. Sometimes it can be difficult to aerate the lungs of preterm infants with intermittent positive pressure ventilation with pressures recommended in international guidelines, particularly when the infant does not breathe and aeration is completely dependent on the inflation pressures. Studies have shown that intermittent positive pressure ventilation should be performed without high tidal …