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The growing number of mobile and IoT devices has nourished many intelligent applications. In order to produce high-quality machine learning models, they constantly access and collect rich personal data such as photos, browsing history, and text messages. However, direct access to personal data has raised increasing public concerns about privacy risks and security breaches. To address these concerns, there are two emerging solutions to privacy-preserving machine learning, namely local differential privacy and federated machine learning. The former is a distributed data collection strategy where each client perturbs data locally before submitting to the server, whereas the latter is a distributed machine learning strategy to train models on mobile devices locally and merge their output (e.g., parameter updates of a model) through a control protocol. In this article, we conduct a comparative study on the efficiency and …