查看文章

It has become common practice to employ, as a binding energy reference for x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies on nonconductive materials, the C(1s) spectra of the ubiquitous (adventitious) carbon that seems to exhibit an instantaneous presence on all air exposed materials. Despite this commonality, surface scientists, including many practitioners, have expressed substantial concerns about the validity of this approach. A detailed discussion of the method is presented including consideration of the types of materials and the electronic energy states involved, e.g., Fermi edges, vacuum levels, etc., and the couplings that must exist for the referencing method to be correctly applied. A number of other surface environments for which the carbon referencing method may be fallacious are also presented. This leads to a consideration of the electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis results for different types of …