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Vitamin D has been suggested as a protective compound for diabetes mellitus. Several mechanisms linking vitamin D to the regulation of the immune response support a role for vitamin D in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diabetes. Epidemiological evidence and observational studies suggesting that adequate vitamin D status is related to decreased risk of developing type 1 diabetes further corroborates this concept. However, only few and mostly underpowered randomized clinical trials have been conducted to test the effectiveness of vitamin D supplementation in autoimmune diabetes, with disappointing results. Similarly, recent evidence linking vitamin D action to insulin secretion and sensitivity led to the hypothesis that this compound may play a key role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis in both pre-diabetes and overt type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, the main clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of …