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The efficient disposal and high-value utilization of biomass are crucial for easing the worsening environmental, resource, and energy situations. “Green” carbon dots (CDs) have got a lot of attention recently and biomass is a good “green” carbon source. In this work, cellulose and protein were used as typical components, and peanut shell, cotton stalk, and soymeal were utilized as typical biomass to synthesize nitrogen self-doped CDs with outstanding optical properties via a one-step and green microwave-assisted hydrothermal method without any additive. The reaction mechanism was briefly analyzed, and cellulose and protein differentiated the functional characteristics of the biomass-based CDs. A close connection was observed between optical properties and physicochemical structure, such as sp² C, N-doped surface states, and the synergy among them. Pyridinic N, amine N, and sp² C can reduce the …