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The effects of reaction tempreture on hydrochar and aqueous phase products were investigated in this paper. The hydrochars were obtained from hydrothermal carbonization of dairy manure at 200–280 °C for 4 h (maintain 1:20 manure-to-water ratio, stir at 600 rpm). The characteristics of hydrochar were determined by elemental analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and pyrolysis gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (Py-GC/MS). Hydrothermal carbonization decreased the hydrochar yield from 58.34% mass fraction at 200 °C to 43.48% mass fraction at 280 °C. The higher heating value of the hydrochar increased with temperature. Py-GC/MS was used to semi-quantify and simulate fast pyrolysis heating rates and to study potential key light and medium volatile decomposition products found in hydrochar obtained at different …