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INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS in the American private sector have been changing in important ways in recent years. Most visibly, significant wage, benefit, work practice, and employment security concessions and tradeoffs have been negotiated in a number of major industries (Cappelli and McKersie, 1983). However, other important changes have been occurring more quietly and more incrementally over a longer period of time. At the workplace level, new forms of employee participation and alternative forms of work organization have evolved; similarly, shifts have taken place at the highest levels of corporate decision making, where basic policies regarding human resources, technology, and the status of unions are formulated (Kochan and Cappelli, 1983). Unfortunately, our theories for explaining and understanding these changes are not well developed. There is evidence of a growing consensus that this gap is …