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This review summarizes efforts in developing sulfonated hydrocarbon proton exchange membranes (PEMs) with excellent long-term electrochemical fuel cell performance in medium-temperature and/or low-humidity proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) applications. Sulfonated hydrocarbon PEMs are alternatives to commercially available perfluorosulfonic acid ionomers (PFSA, e.g., Nafion^®) that inevitably lose proton conductivity when exposed to harsh operating conditions. Over the past few decades, a variety of approaches have been suggested to optimize polymer architectures and define post-synthesis treatments in order to further improve the properties of a specific material. Strategies for copolymer syntheses are summarized and future challenges are identified. Research pertaining to the sulfonation process, which is carried out in the initial hydrocarbon PEM fabrication stages, is first introduced …