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Communication is maintained by the transmission of data packets over a common wireless channel. The absence of any fixed infrastructure such as an array of base stations, make ad hoc networks radically different from other wireless local area networks (LANs). All nodes in an ad hoc network are required to relay packets on behalf of other nodes. Hence, a mobile ad hoc network is sometimes called a multihop wireless network. The physical layer must tackle the path loss, fading, and multi-user interference to maintain stable communication links between peers. This chapter highlights the main aspects of designing the physical transmission system, which are dependent on the characteristics of the radio propagation channel such as path loss, interference (co-channel), and fading. Directional transmission can reduce the amount of interference, reduce packet error, and directional antennas …