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3. See Dorothy J. Solinger,“Labour Market Reform and the Plight of the Laid-off Proletariat,” The China Quarterly, 170, June 2002, pp. 304-326. According to Solinger,“Since the urban ex-workers have spent their adult working lives at factory machines in the cities, most have not had an opportunity to acquire either the brawn or the specialized service skills that are the mark of the farmer or the rural craftsperson. By contrast, the capabilities that peasants developed in their past pursuits enable them when in town to outcompete urbanites in a number of critical trades (but not in all occupations)”(p. 314).