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Brain age predicted differences (brain-PAD: predicted brain age minus chronological age) have been reported to be significantly larger for individuals with chronic pain compared with those without. However, a debate remains after one article showed no significant differences. Using Gaussian Process Regression, an article provides evidence that these negative results might owe to the use of mixed samples by reporting a differential effect of chronic pain on brain-PAD across pain types. However, some remaining methodological issues regarding training sample size and sex-specific effects should be tackled before settling this controversy. Here, we explored differences in brain-PAD between musculoskeletal pain types and controls using a novel convolutional neural network for predicting brain-PADs, ie, DeepBrainNet. Based on a very large, multi-institutional, and heterogeneous training sample and requiring …