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Massive MIMO is the currently most compelling sub-6 GHz physical-layer technology for future wireless access. The main concept is to use large antenna arrays at base stations to simultaneously serve many autonomous terminals, as illustrated in Figure 1. The rich and unique propagation signatures of the terminals are exploited with smart processing at the array to achieve superior capacity. Massive MIMO splendidly offers two most desirable benefits:

1. Excellent spectral efficiency, achieved by spatial multiplexing of many terminals in the same time-frequency resource. Efficient multiplexing requires channels to different terminals to be sufficiently different, which has been shown to hold, theoretically and experimentally, in diverse propagation environments. Specifically, it is known that Massive MIMO works as well in line-of-sight as in rich scattering [1, Chapter 7].