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Methods

This is a retrospective observational cohort analyses of four hospitals in East Coast Malaysia managing patients with COVID-19 with ESRF, AKI and Acute on CKD. Data were obtained from inpatient hospital electronic health records [Health Information System (HIS)] and patients’ medical records. Inclusion criteria are adults diagnosed with ESRF, AKI and Acute on CKD who were referred to Nephrology Department, Hospital Sultanah Nur Zahirah Kuala Terengganu. These patients tested positive by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of a nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal sample for COVID-19 and were hospitalized from March 1, 2020, to August 31 2021.