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Here b denotes the benefit from having your. candidate win, p the probability of your vote deciding the outcome, and c the costs of vot-ing (Downs 1957). By and large this formulation has considered b and c at the systemic level; ease of registration, competitiveness of the elec-tion, literacy requirements and many similar factors have all been used to assess levels of turnout (Rosenstone and Wolfinger 1978; Powell 1980). In terms of this literature, then, c refers to a set of costs imposed on all voters within a given political jurisdiction. Once a voter has arrived at the voting booth the costs of actually marking a ballot would seem to be trivial relative to the costs of actually turning out to vote. This last point, however, is not true for all types of ballot. Many ballots require much more of voters than simply turning out and marking a single preference for one office. Under preferential systems or where a large number of elective …