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Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is a global metaheuristic that has been proved to be very powerful for optimizing a wide range of problems. However, PSO requires a large number of fitness evaluations to find acceptable (optimal or sub-optimal) solutions. If one single evaluation of the objective function is computationally expensive, the computational cost for the whole optimization run will become prohibitive. FESPSO, a new fitness estimation strategy, is proposed for particle swarm optimization to reduce the number of fitness evaluations, thereby reducing the computational cost. Different from most existing approaches which either construct an approximate model using data or utilize the idea of fitness inheritance, FESPSO estimates the fitness of a particle based on its positional relationship with other particles. More precisely, Once the fitness of a particle is known, either estimated or evaluated using the original …