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A probabilistic formulation for semantic image annotation and retrieval is proposed. Annotation and retrieval are posed as classification problems where each class is defined as the group of database images labeled with a common semantic label. It is shown that, by establishing this one-to-one correspondence between semantic labels and semantic classes, a minimum probability of error annotation and retrieval are feasible with algorithms that are (1) conceptually simple and (2) computationally efficient. In this article, a content-based image retrieval and annotation architecture is proposed. Its attitude is decreasing the semantic gap by partitioning the image to its semantic regions and using color and texture feature of these regions to build a feature database. The partiotioning is done by both Gaussian mixture model and self-organizing neural networks.