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Extreme thermal conditions in machining of hardened steel impair the overall performance especially the tool life and surface quality. Although, the cutting fluids are known for improving the tool life and surface quality, yet they have adverse effects on the human health as well as environment because of the presence of potentially harmful chemical ingredients. Hence, in view of the above problems associated with the cutting fluids, the implementation of sustainable methods is advantageous which further reduces the use of cutting fluids i.e. dry, minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) spray system and solid lubricant with compressed air cooling system. In this paper, the effect of three sustainable techniques, along with the traditional flood cooling system, on prominent machining indices such as cutting temperature, surface roughness, chip characteristics and tool wear in plain turning of hardened AISI 1060 steel has …