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People endowed with knowledge, education, skills and experience are the guarantee to the development of economic and technological potential of the economy and society as a whole. The competitiveness of modern production and the national economy in general depends on the efficient use of available human capital. The knowledge, skills and information that a person possesses are used repeatedly and do not wear out over time, but only become of great value due to experience and strengthened entrepreneurial potential. The modern economy, based on knowledge, already has a scientific basis for comprehensive research of human capital and knowledge management, taking into account the methodology of effective investment decisions. The role of human capital will only grow in the future, so the issue of investing in human capital as the main source of development of the national economy, quality of work and life of the population remains particularly relevant. The purpose of the article is to study the relationship between investing in human capital and the efficiency of the economic system.