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An essential precondition for developing countries to engage in the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) is to accelerate the creation and accumulation of firm-level technological capabilities necessary for digital transformation. Through an analysis of secondary data collected from a systematic review of the 4IR literature, we build on Lall's (1992) and Bell and Pavitt's (1995) frameworks, to develop an updated framework of firm-level technological capabilities which accounts for the refined set of human and organizational activities and resources required by firms for the uptake of 4IR technologies and processes along their digital transformation journey. The framework proposes four levels of increasingly complex technological capabilities across six thematic groups of technological and organizational functions. The framework represents an initial basis for examining the micro-level capabilities required by firms to launch …