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In the present study we investigated the influence of shot peening on the high cycle fatigue (HCF) performance of the Mg–10Gd–3Y magnesium alloys in four different conditions referred to as-cast, cast-T6, as-extruded and extruded-T5, respectively. The results show that shot peening can cause different degree of enhancement of fatigue performance for Mg–10Gd–3Y alloys depending on the Almen peening intensity applied; and that the Almen intensity could always be found that conferred the optimum improvement. The effect of shot peening was quantified, and for the as-extruded and extruded-T5 alloys it was found to be superior to that for the as-cast and cast-T6 alloys. The peened extruded-T5 Mg–10Gd–3Y alloy showed the highest fatigue strength at 10⁷ cycles of 240 MPa. The results of the analyses established a connection between the grain size, ductility and precipitates within the studied alloys …