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Over the past decade, computational neuromusculoskeletal (NMS) modeling and simulation of human movement, including effects of musculoskeletal geometries, multibody dynamics, and neuromuscular excitation to produce coordinated motion of segments has grown in complexity, fidelity, capabilities, and applications. Such capability stems from improved understanding and growth on two fronts: (A) increasing level of detail in developing constrained articulated-multibody models for the NMS system; coupled with (B) high-performance numerical time-stepping schema to realize stable, accurate, and real-time simulations of the intermittent, time-varying physical power interactions with the surrounding environment. Such computational modeling and simulation can now facilitate quantitative exploration of physical power interactions of NMS systems with their environment (including other articulated devices).

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