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Background: Although testing for human papillomavirus (HPV) has higher sensitivity and lower specificity than cytology alone for detecting cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), studies comparing conventional and liquid-based cytology have had conflicting results. Methods: In the first phase of a two-phase multicenter randomized controlled trial, women aged 35–60 years in the conventional arm ( n = 16 658) were screened using conventional cytology, and women in the experimental arm ( n = 16 706) had liquid-based cytology and were tested for high-risk HPV types using the Hybrid Capture 2 assay. Women in the conventional arm were referred to colposcopy with atypical cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) or higher and those in the experimental arm were referred with ASCUS or higher cytology or with a positive (≥1 pg/mL) HPV test …