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Cost-sensitive learning is an aspect of algorithm-level modifications for class imbalance. Here, instead of using a standard error-driven evaluation (or 0–1 loss function), a misclassification cost is being introduced in order to minimize the conditional risk. By strongly penalizing mistakes on some classes, we improve their importance during classifier training step. This pushes decision boundaries away from their instances, leading to improved generalization on these classes. In this chapter we will discuss the basics of cost-sensitive methods, introduce their taxonomy, and describe how to deal with scenarios in which misclassification cost is not given beforehand by an expert. Then we will describe most popular cost-sensitive classifiers and talk about the potential for hybridization with other techniques. Section 4.1 offers background and taxonomy of cost-sensitive classification algorithms. The important issue of …