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Maximizing network lifetime is a major objective for designing and deploying a wireless sensor network. Clustering sensor nodes is an effective topology control approach helping achieve this goal. In this paper, we present a new method to prolong the network lifetime based on the improved particle swarm optimization algorithm, which is an optimization method designed to select target nodes. The protocol takes into account both energy efficiency and transmission distance, and relay nodes are used to alleviate the excessive power consumption of the cluster heads. The proposed protocol results in better distributed sensors and a well-balanced clustering system enhancing the network's lifetime. We compare the proposed protocol with comparative protocols by varying a number of parameters, e.g., the number of nodes, the network area size, and the position of the base station. Simulation results show that the …