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The ecosystem services concept has proliferated in the scientific literature over the past two decades. This chapter provides an overview of the current understanding regarding ecosystem services of streams and rivers, with a focus on the effects of scale and consideration of tradeoffs. It examines how ecosystem services generally vary with the factors, with an emphasis on stream order, a measure of stream size and location. The chapter also discusses the critical resources needed to sustain the stream ecosystems in the form of the minimal stream flow, or discharge, necessary to maintain stream ecological and hydrologic function, and how that consideration relates to the ecosystem services concept. For effective management of healthy riverine ecosystems, it is important to understand the varying controls and their scales of influence, as well as how they affect ecosystem response variables such as biodiversity …