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Test theory addresses statistical methods and criteria for the design, evaluation and comparison of" tests", ie, standardized procedures for measuring constructs of interest, typically encompassing several test items. These methods and criteria are based on assumptions about the com-position of the measurements, the properties of these components and the relationship between them. The most relevant test theoretical frameworks are Classical Test Theory (CTT) and, as a representative of" modern" test theories, Item Response Theory (IRT). The basic assumptions and procedures of the CTT were developed predominantly during the first half of the 20th century. Within this framework, influential methods and criteria were developed for the evaluation of tests as a whole, eg, reliability, and for individual test items, eg, item difficulty and item discrimination. Since then, several serious limitations of CTT have been …