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Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) are key components of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa and play an important role in cyanobacteria blooms formation. Here, we analyzed the effects of 48-h exposure to nanosized CeO 2 (n-CeO 2), CuO (n-CuO), and ZnO (n-ZnO) on the production and composition of EPS of M. aeruginosa. Toxicity experiments revealed that soluble nanoparticles (NPs)(n-ZnO, n-CuO) demonstrated higher toxicity to cells and caused membrane damage. The production of LB-EPS increased by 34.48, 20.09, and 46.33%, and TB-EPS increased by− 5.78, 22.3, and− 2.67% in the presence of n-CeO 2, n-CuO, and n-ZnO NPs, respectively, and polysaccharides are the main incremental portion compared with protein and humic acids. Three-dimensional excitation–emission fluorescence spectra revealed the enhancement of fulvic–humic-like and disappearance of tyrosine aromatic …