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As CeO₂ nanoparticles (NPs) are used in many applications, the released particles eventually enter wastewater treatment plants, influencing sludge dewatering and increasing the disposal costs. We conducted tests to gain insight into the sludge dewatering performance and the potential mechanism related to the distribution and production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). In addition, we conducted single-factor tests with six concentrations of CeO₂ NPs in sequencing batch reactors containing matured activated sludge. Overall, the specific resistance to filtration (SRF) improved with an increase in the CeO₂ NPs dosage. The SRF significantly increased from 1.460 × 10¹² to 1.632 × 10¹² m/kg after the addition of 5 mg/L CeO₂ NPs (p < 0.05). The bound water content was enhanced from 2.43 to 2.75 kg/kg dry solid, indicating a deteriorated dewaterability. We found that the increased EPS production …