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The construction industry has been identified as a significant contributor to the global environmental impacts. While Life Cycle Assessment and many environmental approaches as well as low-carbon materials are key areas of sustainable designs, optimisation methods have not been fully developed and integrated in the design process to enhance a building's sustainability. Although there are studies attempting to mitigate buildings' carbon footprints, most of them examine the major components (slab and column systems) separately, making it hard for structural engineers to apply their findings in a real project. This paper intends to address this limitation by introducing an innovative design methodology for the carbon optimisation of reinforced concrete buildings. A detailed formulation of a flat plate building's optimisation is presented, and an advanced Branch-and-Reduce deterministic algorithm is adopted to solve …