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A conjunctive management model has been developed to obtain optimal allocation of surface water and groundwater under different constraints during a drought. Two simulation models—a fully distributed hydrologic model and a reservoir simulation model—were incorporated in an optimization formulation using a simulation-optimization approach with response functions. The model was tested for the Haw River Basin located in North Carolina. A fully distributed hydrologic model, penn state integrated hydrologic model (PIHM), was used to compute simultaneous depletions in streamflow and groundwater level under pumping. A reservoir simulation model was then incorporated within the optimization framework to determine the optimal allocation of surface water and groundwater resources by minimizing reservoir deficit. A new groundwater sustainability constraint, recovery time for groundwater levels, was …