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In these times of rapid environmental and organizational change, there is increasing demand for sustainable, continuous innovation. Science research organizations, which operate at the cutting edge of creative innovation, require organizational designs capable of supporting this growing trend. This article identifies four distinct design archetypes, which are then integrated into a comprehensive typology for the analysis of science organizations. Case studies of a set of eight comparable research institutes in New Zealand highlight the various design options available to science organizations as well as the performance implications of these options.