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As climate change due to carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions is an important issue, the role of households in CO₂ emissions reduction through behavioral intervention cannot be ignored. The traditional environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis explains the inverted U-shaped relationship between economic growth and the environment. This study expands EKC theory by adding household-level social capital, income, and disaggregated CO₂ emissions based on the cross-sectional data of both satellite-monitored data and a large-scale survey of 86,764 respondents across 30 developing and developed countries. The separate and combined effects of self-reported social capital on CO₂ emissions are tested by regression, allowing an inverted-U shaped function. The results show that higher community attachment and social trust are associated with higher concern about the global warming issue. Low-income …