查看文章

Following the Saint-Malo declaration issued by France and the United Kingdom (UK), the European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) was established in 1999 with the aim of granting the European Union (EU) an operational capacity to deploy both civilian missions and military operations (Howorth, 2014). The experience of the devasting civil wars in the Western Balkans in the 1990s led the member states to agree that the EU should plan and conduct its own missions and operations in response to international crises. 1 After setting up decision-making bodies, planning structures and command-and-control arrangements, the EU launched its first civilian European Union Police Mission, Bosnia and Herzegovina (EUPM/BiH) and its first military operation in Macedonia (Concordia) in 2003. Since then, the EU has launched 36 interventions (21 civilian and 15 military) to meet an increasing demand for EU …