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This paper describes XOS, a cloud operating system designed to manage hardware and software resources across a multi-tiered cloud. XOS raises the level of abstraction in an IaaS cloud architecture by elevating scalable software services to first-class objects. This involves adopting three design principles: (1) Everything-as-a-Service (XaaS) (services are building blocks, and combinations of those building blocks are also services); (2) Multi-tenancy (a tenant relationship links one service to another, and facilitates reasoning about safety, privacy and efficiency); and (3) Control/Data-plane separation (services are configured through a logically centralized service controller interface, but the controller is not on the data path between services). XOS applies these principles through the lens of an operating system - it defines a set of abstractions that support constructing multi-tenant services that can be folded back into …