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This article surveys the literature on analyses of mobile traffic collected by operators within their network infrastructure. This is a recently emerged research field, and, apart from a few outliers, relevant works cover the period from 2005 to date, with a sensible densification over the last three years. We provide a thorough review of the multidisciplinary activities that rely on mobile traffic datasets, identifying major categories and sub-categories in the literature, so as to outline a hierarchical classification of research lines. When detailing the works pertaining to each class, we balance a comprehensive view of state-of-the-art results with punctual focuses on the methodological aspects. Our approach provides a complete introductory guide to the research based on mobile traffic analysis. It allows summarizing the main findings of the current state-of-the-art, as well as pinpointing important open research directions.